COncussion: A quick guide on what to do

What happens in a concussion, why are they dangerous, how can we heal them and is there a risk of repeat concussion or secondary issues if we don't treat them right?

​Concussions are a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI for short), caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head that disrupts the normal functioning of the brain. They are commonly seen in sports, as well as in high-risk environments or in occupations such as stunt work.

Concussions can be dangerous, and if left untreated or not treated correctly, they can result in long-term brain damage or even death. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, treatment, and risks associated with concussions.

Causes of Concussion
Concussions occur when the brain is forcefully shaken within the skull, leading to a disturbance in its normal functioning. This can happen in several ways, such as a direct blow to the head, a violent shaking of the head and neck, or even a sudden stop or change in direction that causes the brain to move within the skull.

Most common causes of concussion outside of sports:

• Falls: Falling from a height or slipping and falling on a hard surface can cause a person's head to hit the ground or another object, leading to a concussion.
• Motor vehicle accidents: Car accidents, especially those involving high-speed collisions, can cause a person's head to hit the steering wheel, dashboard, or windows, leading to a concussion.
• Physical assault: Being hit in the head with an object or punched in the face can cause a concussion.
• Work-related injuries: Certain occupations, such as construction or manufacturing, involve working with heavy machinery or at heights, increasing the risk of falls and head injuries.
• Explosions or blasts: Exposure to explosions or blasts, such as those experienced by military personnel or in industrial accidents, can cause a concussion.

Types of Concussion
​Concussions can be categorized based on several factors, including the cause, severity, and location of the injury. Here are some examples of different types of concussion:

1. Mild concussion
   This is the most common type of concussion, and it usually involves a brief loss of consciousness or a feeling of being dazed or confused. Symptoms usually resolve within a few days to a week.
2. Moderate concussion
   This type of concussion involves a longer period of unconsciousness or confusion, and symptoms may last for several weeks or months.
3. Severe concussion
   This is the most serious type of concussion, and it may involve a longer period of unconsciousness, seizures, or other neurological symptoms. In some cases, a severe concussion may lead to permanent brain damage.
4. Sports-related concussion
   This type of concussion is commonly seen in athletes and may occur during contact sports or other high-impact activities.
5. Blast-related concussion
   This type of concussion is caused by exposure to explosions or other blasts, such as those experienced by military personnel.
6. Second impact syndrome
   This is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that can occur when an individual suffers a second concussion before fully recovering from the first. It may lead to rapid brain swelling and requires immediate medical attention.

It is important to note that regardless of the type of concussion, any injury to the brain should be taken seriously and evaluated by a healthcare professional.

How to spot a concussion: Obvious Symptoms
The symptoms of concussion can vary depending on the severity of the injury and the individual affected. Some common symptoms include:

• Headache
• Dizziness
• Nausea or vomiting
• Sensitivity to light or noise
• Confusion or disorientation
• Memory loss or forgetfulness
• Difficulty concentrating or paying attention
• Mood changes, such as irritability or depression
• Sleep disturbances, such as insomnia or excessive sleepiness

If you or someone you know has been involved in a high-impact activity and is experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention immediately.

Treatment of Concussion
The first step in treating a concussion is to rest and avoid any activities that may cause further injury. This includes refraining from any physical activity, limiting screen time, and getting plenty of rest. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to manage symptoms such as headache or nausea.

It is important to note that returning to physical activity or work too soon can increase the risk of another concussion or prolong the recovery time. A healthcare professional will typically provide a timeline for returning to normal activities based on the severity of the injury and the individual's progress in recovery.

Risks of Repeat Concussion or Secondary Issues
If a concussion is not treated correctly or if an individual returns to high-risk activities too soon, there is a risk of repeat concussion or secondary issues such as post-concussion syndrome (PCS).

PCS is a collection of symptoms that can last for weeks, months, or even years after the initial injury. Symptoms may include headache, dizziness, fatigue, and cognitive impairments such as difficulty concentrating or remembering things. In rare cases, repeated concussions can lead to chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a degenerative brain disease that can cause long-term cognitive and behavioral problems.


IMPORTANT:
​If you suspect that someone has a concussion, it is important to seek medical attention right away. In the meantime, encourage the person to rest and avoid physical activity until a healthcare professional can evaluate their condition.
It's also important to note that some symptoms of concussion may not appear immediately after the injury, so it's important to monitor the person's condition over time and seek medical attention if any symptoms develop or worsen.